CHILDES Narrative MacBates1 Corpus


Brian MacWhinney
Department of Psychology
Carnegie Mellon University

website

Elizabeth Bates (1947-2003)
Department of Psychology
University of California San Diego

website
Participants: ages 3, 4, 5, and adult -- 30 in each group
Type of Study: cross-sectional, picture description task
Location: United States; Hungary; Italy
Media type: colored pictures
DOI: doi:10.21415/T54S54

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Picture stimuli

Citation information

MacWhinney, B., & Bates, E. (1978). Sentential devices for conveying givenness and newness: A cross-cultural developmental study. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 539–558.

In accordance with TalkBank rules, any use of data from this corpus must be accompanied by at least one of the above references.

Project Description

These data were gathered in English, Italian, and Hungarian with adults and children aged 3, 4, and 5 years using the picture description task of MacWhinney and Bates (1978). In the 1978 experiment, there were 120 participants: 40 Americans, 40 Hungarians, and 40 Italians. Within each language community, there were ten 3-year-olds, ten 4-year-olds, ten 5-year-olds, and ten adults. The chief focus of attention was on the development in the 3–6 year period. The adult participants were included as controls to see if any further developmental changes might be present after age 6 in use of these devices. Each group of 10 participants included five females and five males. The children were enrolled in nursery schools in Denver, Budapest, and Rome. There is every reason to believe that the children at each age were generally equal in terms of overall linguistic ability, because they were all normal, middle-class members of the majority culture and all resided in large metropolitan areas within what is commonly known as Western culture. Unfortunately, no cross-culturally valid measure of general linguistic ability is yet available.

Before a participant was tested, the pictures were placed into the order in which they were to be administered. The order of the nine series of pictures within each series was also randomized. Following each series, a picture of a common object such as a bottle or a sailboat was inserted. This was done to break up any set (Einstellung) effects. Participants were examined individually. Each participant was first seated next to the experimenter at a table. The participant was told that he or she would be asked to describe some pictures. Adults were told to describe the pictures in a simple direct fashion. The experimenter showed the pictures to each participant one at a time in the sequence determined by the randomization procedure. Two probes were used: “Tell me about this picture” and “What’s happening in this picture?” Use of the two probes was also randomized. Each session was taperecorded in its entirety.

Stimuli

Participants saw nine sets of pictorial stimuli that could be described in terms of simple sentences. For example, Series 2 consists of three pictures of the same boy, which can be described by these sentences:
  • A boy is running.
  • A boy is skiing.
  • A boy is swimming.
    SeriesStructureSentence
    1 S V A bear (mouse, bunny) is crying.
    2 S V A boy is running (swimming, skiing).
    3 S V O A monkey (squirrel, bunny) is eating a banana.
    4 S V O A boy is kissing (hugging, kicking) a dog.
    5 S V O A girl is eating an apple (cookie, ice cream).
    6 S V L A dog is in (on, under) a car.
    7 S V L A cat is on a table (bed, chair).
    8 S V O I A lady is giving a present (truck, mouse) to a girl.
    9 S V O I A cat is giving a flower to a boy (bunny, dog).
    In this listing, these abbreviations are used for the major elements of a sentence: S=subject, V=verb, O=object, L=object of the locative preposition, and I=indirect object. The three pictures in each series are called frames. In Series 2, the subject increases in givenness across the frames whereas the verb increases in newness. In Series 6 and 7, the verb is taken to include both the copular and the locative preposition. (In Hungarian, the locative is a postposition or suffix rather than a preposition.) The order of the nine series of pictures was randomized. Following each series, a picture of a common object such as a bottle or a sailboat was inserted. This was done to break up any set (Einstellung) effects. Participants were examined individually. Each participant was seated next to the experimenter at a table. The participants were told that they would be asked to tell about what they saw in some pictures. The experimenter showed the pictures in groups of three, varying the placement of particular pictures left, middle, and right across participants. Two probes were used: “Tell me about this picture,” and “What’s happening in this picture?” Use of the two probes was also randomized. Each session was tape recorded in its entirety.