CHILDES Japanese Miyata Corpus

Susanne Miyata
Department of Medical Sciences
Aichi Shukotoku University
smiyata@asu.aasa.ac.jp
website

Participants:	3
Type of Study:	longitudinal
Location:	Japan
Media type:	audio
DOI:	doi:10.21415/T5WK68

Citation information

Miyata, S. (1992). Wh-Questions of the Third Kind: The Strange Use of Wa-Questions in Japanese Children. Bulletin of Aichi Shukutoku Junior College, 31, 151-155.

Miyata, S. (1993). Japanische Kinderfragen: Zum Erwerb von Form - Inhalt - Funktion von Frageausdruecken, Hamburg: OAG.

Miyata, S. (1995). The Aki Corpus. Longitudinal Speech Data of a Japanese Boy aged 1.6-2.12. Bulletin of Aichi Shukutoku Junior College, 34, 183-191.

Miyata, S. (2000). The TAI Corpus: Longitudinal Speech Data of a Japanese Boy aged 1;5.20 - 3;1.1. Bulletin of Shukutoku Junior College 39, 77-85.

Miyata, S. (2012). The TAI Corpus: Longitudinal Speech Data of a Japanese Boy aged 1;5.20 - 3;1.1. Bulletin of Shukutoku Junior College 39, 77-85.

Miyata, S. (2012a). Nihongo MLU (heikin hatsuwachō) no gaidorain: Jiritsugo MLU oyobi keitaiso MLU no keisanhō [Guideline for Japanese MLU: How to compute MLUw and MLUm]. Kenkō Iryō Kagaku, 2, 1–15. http://aska-r.aasa.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10638/5113/1/0039-002-201203-1 -17.pdf (accessed 5 November 2012).

Miyata, S. (2012b). CHILDES nihongoban: Nihongoyoo CHILDES manyuaru 2012. [Japanese CHILDES: The 2012 CHILDES manual for Japanese]. http://www2.aasa.ac.jp/people/smiyata/CHILDESmanual/chapter01.html

Miyata, S. & N. Naka. (2014). JMOR06.2: The Japanese morphological analysis program based on CLAN. available at:

Oshima-Takane, Y. & B. MacWhinney (eds.) (1995, 2nd ed. 1998). CHILDES Manual for Japanese. Montreal: McGill University / Nagoya: Chukyo University.

In accordance with TalkBank rules, any use of data from this corpus must be accompanied by at least one of the above references.

Project Description

Warnings: The Aki and Ryo data are not suitable for the study of the mother’s overall language behavior, except for questioning and answering behavior. These data were originally sampled for the study of the child’s question development and many remarks of the mother are not transcribed. These omitted parts are unfortunately *unmarked*. The Aki and Ryo data have not been double-checked.

Aki and Ryo are children (both boys) from two unrelated families, both living in Nagoya. Both children’s parents gave their kind consent for the publication of this data. Although they consented to the use of their actual names, all last names in these files are replaced to preserve privacy.

The children were observed once a week for about one hour at their home while playing with their mother. The homes were both 4-room apartments in the center of Nagoya. In the previous observations it had proved convenient for both mother and observer to fix weekday and time. As Aki and Ryo were quite late risers, we decided to start each session after 10 A.M. After a short period of excitement, the child would settle down to play. The videotapings started usually about 10:20. For the recording I held the camera in my lap (rather than in front of my face), a method that had proved effective in prior observations. The setting was free indoor play. The mother was instructed to “make the child speak,” but there were no regulations concerning the kind of play.

The Tai data was collected during September, 1993 and June, 1995. Tai was after Ryo, Nao (unpublished), and Aki (Miyata, 1992, 1993, 1995) the fourth child observed longitudinally. For Tai's observation I applied the same schedule used for the observation of the other children: that is once a week for about one hour at his home while playing with his mother. In the previous observations it had proved convenient for both mother and observer, to fix weekday and time. In Tai's case, we decided to start about 10 o'clock in the morning. After a short period of preparation (video setting, and the indispensable cup of coffee for the observer), we would start with the recordings about 10:30.

The Tai recordings were done parallel on mini-discs (audio recording) and 8mm video. This was done out of two reasons. The sound quality for MD was considerably better than for the video. On the other hand, the video recording contains necessary information to be able to judge the utterances of the child. The second reason is the rather low reliability of the equipment. Actually, out of 75 MD recordings, 3 were not usable for different reasons (battery problems especially in the cold season, or tape damage). In this case the additional video-recording can step in for the audio recording.

For the recording, the video camera was placed on the TV set in the corner of the 16qm living room. With a fish eye lens, as well as a microphone with an recording angle of 90 degrees most of the sound and movement in this space could be captured. Different from Aki, Tai did not show any interest in the equipment, and we could leave it unattended on the TV set. Although the living room was open to a kitchen of the same size, this room was defined as "play room" used during the observational sessions, and the child accepted it soon. When getting older, he would prepare his toys and the cushion (zabuton) for the observer, and urging us to start with the play session right away.The observer would sit in the second corner, as passive as possible, in order not to disturb the mother-child interaction. The setting was free indoor play. The mother was instructed to 'make the child speak'. In order to obtain as many free spontaneous speech from the child as possible, she was told not to entertain 'not too much' story telling and singing. The recording time was a little more than 40 minutes, and was cut done to 40 minutes in the transcriptions. After the recording we would sit down in the kitchen and discuss the development of the child, his friendship relations, and his health, as well as general issues of education.

Transcription and Codes

The transcription was done in Romaji (Hebon) rather than in Japanese script, in order to better preserve the actual pronunciation. The transcription often uses UNIBET symbols, especially when the meaning of the utterance was unclear. For slightly deviant items with clear meaning no phonetical transcription is provided. The transcription was done in Wakachi2002 (Oshima-Takane& MacWhinney, 1998; Miyata, 2012b). Situational cues were provided to a certain extent, to make it possible to follow the conversation without visual cues. All files were provided with %ort tiers for Japanese Kana-Kanji script and hand-checked %mor or %trn morphological tiers (JMOR04.1 or later; please check the information in the Comment header tier; %trn; Miyata & Naka, 2014). MLU was computed with CLAN following the procedure explained in Miyata (2012a).

The sound data (Tai) was computerized, and sound-linked to CHAT files (MacWhinney, 2000). The transcription was done on the base of the beforehand linked sound stretches. The easiness to access the sound (it is possible to listen to an utterance just with one mouse-click) proved to be very convenient during this process.

Question intonation was coded using $FIN (falling intonation) and $RIN (rising into-nation). Where unmarked, assume rising intonation. Wa-questions were marked with the following four codes from Miyata (1992, 1993):
$WAP wa-Question (Place) papa wa? where is Papa?
$WAN wa-Question (Name) kore wa? what is this?
$WAE wa-Question(Educational) gomen ne wa? what about “sorry’?
$WAG wa-Question (General) papa wa ookii. mama wa? Papa’s big,what about Mama?

Aki

Aki was born on 27-SEP-1987 in Nagoya, the firstborn child. His mother was 31 years old at the time of his birth. Pregnancy and delivery were normal. Aki’s birth weight was 2870 g. His physical development was normal, aside from a 6-day hospital stay (2;4.30 to 2;5.4) due to a small operation (surgical cut of a short thumb sinew), and he was healthy throughout the observation. Aki was an active, curious, fearless child, very interested in books and stories. However, his concentration span was quite short, and he would soon grow weary. His pronunciation was very clear. He uttered his first word at 1;3. In February 1995, he was an average student in the first grade of primary school.

Participants:

AMO, Mother, called “Okaasan,” 32 years, pianist, part-time lecturer in the piano section of a senior high school in Nagoya, and gives private lessons, and concerts.
AFA, Father, called “Otoosan,” associate professor for biogenetics at a University in a nearby town to Nagoya
REE, 2-year-old younger brother Ree, called “Reechan,” born 22-AUG-89 (Aki’s age: 1;10:26)
OBA, baby sitter, called “Obasan,” 61 years, no university degree
BAA, Grandmother, maternal), called “Baaba,” former primary school teacher
OOB, Grandmother, paternal, called “Obaasan,” housewife
SUZ, Investigator, called “Suuze(san),” friend of AMO, AKI, AMO, AFA, REE live to-gether. Occasionally BAA and sometimes also OOB come to visit.

Aki files

Age of AKI File Name Old File Name Length # AKI Utt MLUm MLUw
1;5.7 aki10507.cha AKI01 11'20" 2 1 1
1;6.10 aki10610.cha AKI02 25'15" 6 1 1
1;7.4 aki10704.cha AKI03 13'35"+13'35" 8 1.125 1
1;8.23 aki10823.cha AKI04 37'20" 34 1.353 1
1;9.20 aki10920.cha AKI05 25'30" 15 1.467 1
1;10.0 aki11000.cha AKI06 34'30" 52 1.135 1
1;11.29 aki11129.cha AKI07 21'30" 43 1.349 1. 093
2;0.5 aki20005.cha AKI08 38'50" 58 1.172 1.034
2;0.12 aki20012.cha AKI09 35'50" 62 1.258 1. 113
2;0.19 aki20019.cha AKI10 36'30" 74 1.324 1. 095
2;0.26 aki20026.cha AKI11 38'00" 61 1.295 1. 066
2;1.3 aki20103.cha AKI12 47'15" 80 1.263 1.025
2;1.10 aki20110.cha AKI13 47'35" 101 1.248 1. 01
2;1.17 aki20117.cha AKI14 36'10" 171 1.275 1. 076
2;1.24 aki20124.cha AKI15 50'50" 191 1.178 1. 021
2;2.0 aki20200.cha AKI16 48'00" 146 1.295 1. 055
2;2.11 aki20211.cha AKI17 49'30" 248 1.194 1. 032
2;2.14 aki20214.cha AKI18 46'40" 248 1.371 1. 101
2;2.22 aki20222.cha AKI19 48'40" 266 1.489 1. 173
2;3.0 aki20300.cha AKI20 48'25" 157 1.503 1. 268
2;3.4 aki20304.cha AKI21 60'00" 396 1.639 1. 278
2;3.12 aki20312.cha AKI22 60'00" 399 1.754 1. 373
2;3.18 aki20318.cha AKI23 60'00" 494 1.891 1. 595
2;3.26 aki20326.cha AKI24 60'00" 353 2.164 1. 765
2;4.4 aki20404.cha AKI25 60'00" 400 2.158 1.74
2;4.9 aki20409.cha AKI26 60'00" 312 1.907 1. 545
2;4.18 aki20418.cha AKI27 60'00" 276 1.982 1. 656
2;4.29 aki20429.cha AKI28 60'00" 426 2.239 1. 979
2;5.6 aki20506.cha AKI29 60'00" 360 2.411 1. 897
2;5.13 aki20513.cha AKI30 60'00" 437 1.81 1.51
2;5.20 aki20520.cha AKI31 55'30 155 2.032 1. 639
2;6.16 aki20615.cha AKI32 60'00" 351 2.464 1. 821
2;6.22 aki20622.cha AKI33 60'00" 242 2.244 1. 76
2;6.30 aki20629.cha AKI34 60'00" 302 2.778 2. 086
2;7.5 aki20705.cha AKI35 60'00" 277 2.7 2.105
2;7.12 aki20712.cha AKI36 60'00" 364 2.882 2. 162
2;7.19 aki20719.cha AKI37 60'00" 371 2.647 2. 075
2;7.26 aki20726.cha AKI38 60'00" 309 2.654 1. 994
2;8.3 aki20803.cha AKI39 60'00" 342 2.81 2.14
2;8.11 aki20811.cha AKI40 60'00" 384 2.391 1. 974
2;8.17 aki20817.cha AKI41 60'00" 266 2.436 1. 883
2;8.24 aki20824.cha AKI42 60'00" 339 2.684 2. 027
2;9.0 aki20900.cha AKI43 60'00" 364 2.852 2. 104
2;9.7 aki20907.cha AKI44 60'00" 290 3.066 2. 324
2;9.14 aki20914.cha AKI45 60'00" 354 2.836 2. 04
2;9.24 aki20924.cha AKI46 60'00" 348 2.813 2. 112
2;9.29 aki20929.cha AKI47 60'00" 344 2.849 2. 084
2;10.7 aki21007.cha AKI48 60'00" 368 2.891 2. 052
2;10.12 aki21012.cha AKI49 60'00" 441 3.172 2. 399
2;10.20 aki21020.cha AKI50 60'00" 401 3.025 2. 329
2;10.28 aki21028.cha AKI51 60'00" 384 2.948 2. 258
2;11.0 aki21100.cha AKI52 60'00" 371 2.997 2. 278
2;11.9 aki21109.cha AKI53 60'00" 333 3.237 2. 321
2;11.16 aki21116.cha AKI54 57'40" 410 2.983 2. 2
2;11.25 aki21125.cha AKI55 35'00" 205 3.478 2. 546
3;0.0 aki30000.cha AKI56 60'00" 362 3.478 2. 633
Total 56 Sessions 14,553

Ryo

Ryo was born on 15-Aug-1985 in Nagoya, the second-born child. His mother was 32 years old at the time of his birth. Pregnancy and delivery were normal. Aki’s birth weight was 3325 g. His physical development was normal, and he was healthy throughout the observation. Ryo was an active, athletic, curious, fearless, and talkative child. He did not show much interest in books, but started out to play video games ("famikon") at an age of two. His pronunciation was very clear. He uttered his first word at 1;2. In February 1997, he was an above average student in the first grade of primary school.

Participants:

RMO, Mother, called “Mama,” 32 years, pianist, part-time lecturer in a music school in Nagoya, giving also private lessons at home.
RFA, Father, called “Papa,” clarinetist, part-time lecturer in a music school in Nagoya. He too gives private lessons at home, and concerts.
YUK, 6-year-old elder sister Yukari, called “Yukarichan,” (Yukari’s age at RYO birth: four years)
SUZ, Investigator, called “Suuze(san),” friend of RMO.
RMO, RFA, YUK live together.

Ryo files

Age of RYO File Name # RYO Utt MLUm MLUw
1;3.03 Ryo10303 27 1 1
1;3.06 Ryo10306 22 1 1
1;3.20 Ryo10320 11 2 1
1;3.27 Ryo10327 15 1 1
1;4.04 Ryo10404 5 1 1
1;5.16 Ryo10516 194 1 1
1;05.22 Ryo10522 17 1 1
1;05.29 Ryo10529 9 1 1
1;06.05 Ryo10605 8 1 1
1;06.13 Ryo10613 29 1 1
1;06.19 Ryo10619 77 1 1
1;06.26 Ryo10626 55 1.036 1
1;07.12 Ryo10712 31 1.111 1
1;07.21 Ryo10721 30 1.417 1
1;07.31 Ryo10731 57 1.034 1
1;08.09 Ryo10809 81 1.167 1.028
1;08.17 Ryo10817 156 1.179 1
1;08.24 Ryo10824 20 1 1
1;09.01 Ryo10901 85 1 1
1;09.08 Ryo10908 24 1 1
1;09.15 Ryo10915 81 1.04 1
1;09.22 Ryo10922 62 1.469 1
1;10.05 Ryo11005 138 1.438 1.068
1;10.12 Ryo11012 276 1.174 1
1;10.19 Ryo11019 49 1.115 1
1;10.26 Ryo11026 167 1.125 1
1;10.30 Ryo11030 193 1.604 1.009
1;11.09 Ryo11109 126 1.392 1.02
1;11.18 Ryo11118 241 1.362 1.034
1;11.28 Ryo11128 179 1.786 1.25
2;00.08 Ryo20008 367 1.528 1.073
2;00.15 Ryo20015 204 1.711 1.07
2;00.25 Ryo20025 112 1.787 1.253
2;00.28 Ryo20028 301 2.036 1.357
2;01.04 Ryo20104 286 1.68 1.286
2;01.11 Ryo20111 130 2.396 1.545
2;01.18 Ryo20118 203 1.993 1.326
2;01.25 Ryo20125 353 1.945 1.346
2;02.09 Ryo20209 147 2.113 1.481
2;02.16 Ryo20216 252 1.829 1.347
2;02.23 Ryo20223 196 2.04 1.624
2;02.29 Ryo20229 255 2.253 1.612
2;03.06 Ryo20306 357 2.013 1.581
2;03.17 Ryo20317 265 2.077 1.544
2;03.20 Ryo20320 284 2.2 1.536
2;03.27 Ryo20327 121 2.865 1.946
2;04.04 Ryo20404 216 2.013 1.48
2;04.11 Ryo20411 114 2.639 1.917
2;04.22 Ryo20422 144 2.83 1.682
2;04.25 Ryo20425 123 2.728 2.037
2;05.01 Ryo20501 178 2.582 1.9
2;05.08 Ryo20508 231 2.343 1.584
2;05.15 Ryo20515 131 2.792 2.01
2;05.22 Ryo20522 148 2.533 1.876
2;05.29 Ryo20529 199 2.912 2.152
2;06.05 Ryo20605 207 2.772 1.798
2;06.12 Ryo20612 218 2.804 2.029
2;06.20 Ryo20620 224 3.052 2.126
2;06.23 Ryo20623 191 3.174 2.212
2;07.04 Ryo20704 101 2.63 1.84
2;07.11 Ryo20711 126 3.646 2.444
2;07.19 Ryo20719 95 2.786 2
2;07.25 Ryo20725 167 2.82 2.008
2;08.01 Ryo20801 195 2.931 2.138
2;08.08 Ryo20808 254 3.649 2.445
2;08.17 Ryo20817 160 3.564 2.47
2;08.22 Ryo20822 140 3.518 2.291
2;08.29 Ryo20829 305 3.464 2.472
2;09.06 Ryo20906 161 3.85 2.606
2;09.13 Ryo20913 200 3.472 2.315
2;09.24 Ryo20924 261 2.762 1.901
2;09.27 Ryo20927 202 3.153 2.056
2;10.07 Ryo21007 250 3.293 2.261
2;10.10 Ryo21010 262 2.783 2.066
2;10.17 Ryo21017 145 3.116 2.137
2;10.24 Ryo21024 82 3.629 2.5
2;11.01 Ryo21101 140 3.806 2.602
2;11.09 Ryo21109 182 2.985 2.088
2;11.16 Ryo21116 134 3.317 2.376
2;11.23 Ryo21123 148 3.508 2.322
3;00.16 Ryo30016 125 3.676 2.52
3;00.23 Ryo30023 92 3 1.926
3;00.30 Ryo30030 94 3.437 2.563
Total 83 Sessions 12,643

Tai

Tai was born on April, 10th, 1992 in Nagoya, the firstborn child. His mother was 28 years old at he time of his birth. Pregnancy and delivery were normal. Tai's birth weight was 3330 g. His physical development was normal, and he was healthy throughout the observation.

Tai was an active, curious, and sensitive child, with a long concentration span. He displayed a high sense of responsibility. His pronunciation was very clear. He uttered his first word at 011. At present (March, 2000) he is a healthy and awake first grader with excellent records. Other participants:

TMO Mother, called "Kakka", 29 years, housewife, former secretary at a University in Nagoya. Educational level 15
TFA Father, called "Totto", 30 years, research engineer. Educational level 15
SUU Investigator, called "Suuchan", friend of TMO

Tai's parents gave their kind consent for the publication of this data. Although they consented to the use of their actual names, I have decided to anonymize all last names (except my own) and other identifying information throughout the corpus in order to preserve a certain amount of privacy.

Tai files

Age of TAI File Name Old File Name Length # TAI utt MLUm MLUw
1;5.20 tai10520.cha T930930 40'00" 210 1.514 1 .21
1;5.27 tai10527ab.cha T931007 40'00" 237 1.591 1.274
1;6.4 tai10604.cha T931014 30'00" 212 1.288 1. 156
1;6.11 tai10611ab.cha T931021 40'00" 166 1.44 1.175
1;6.19 tai10619.cha T931029 33'20" 151 1.788 1 .199
1;6.24 tai10624.cha T931103 40'00" 223 1.924 1 .448
1;7.1 tai10701.cha T931111 40'00" 266 1.477 1. 203
1;7.8 tai10708.cha T931118 40'00" 252 1.635 1. 306
1;7.15 tai10715.cha T931125 40'00" 222 1.82 1. 293
1;8.13 tai10813.cha T931223 40'00" 311 1.691 1 .199
1;8.28 tai10828.cha T940107 40'00" 258 2.105 1 .477
1;9.3 tai10903.cha T940113 40'00" 228 2.329 1. 548
1;9.10 tai10910.cha T940120 40'00" 317 2.331 1 .59
1;9.17 tai10917.cha T940127 40'00" 311 2.18 1. 502
1;9.25 tai10925.cha T940204 40'00" 310 2.223 1 .652
1;10.0 tai11000.cha T940210 40'00" 344 2.235 1 .538
1;10.7 tai11007.cha T940217 40'00" 275 2.313 1 .607
1;10.14 tai11014.cha T940224 40'00" 301 2.233 1.525
1;10.20 tai11020.cha T940303 40'00" 379 2.348 1.734
1;11.1 tai11101.cha T940311 40'00" 351 2.467 1 .849
1;11.14 tai11114.cha T940324 40'00" 176 2.739 1.932
1;11.20 tai11120.cha T940330 40'00" 357 2.529 1.745
1;11.28 tai11128.cha T940407 40'00" 441 3.306 2.499
2;0.4 tai20004.cha T940414 40'00" 422 2.519 1. 78
2;0.11 tai20011.cha T940421 40'00" 342 2.471 1 .807
2;0.18 tai20018.cha T940428 40'00" 318 2.689 1 .906
2;0.25 tai20025.cha T940505 40'00" 326 2.929 1 .988
2;1.2 tai20102.cha T940512 40'00" 237 3.042 2. 072
2;1.9 tai20109.cha T940519 40'00" 282 3.004 2. 131
2;1.16 tai20116.cha T940526 40'00" 319 3.248 2 .307
2;1.23 tai20123.cha T940602 40'00" 270 3.737 2 .611
2;1.30 tai20130.cha T940609 40'00" 340 3.368 2 .385
2;2.6 tai20206.cha T940616 40'00" 196 3.485 2. 474
2;2.13 tai20213.cha T940623 40'00" 398 3.178 2 .329
2;2.20 tai20220.cha T940630 40'00" 378 3.016 2 .071
2;2.27 tai20227.cha T940707 40'00" 512 3.609 2 .518
2;3.4 tai20304.cha T940714 40'00" 441 3.413 2. 397
2;3.11 tai20311.cha T940721 40'00" 378 2.831 1 .958
2;3.18 tai20318.cha T940728 40'00" 438 3.288 2 .274
2;3.25 tai20325.cha T940804 40'00" 434 2.998 2 .104
2;4.3 tai20403.cha T940813 40'00" 332 3.102 2. 238
2;4.15 tai20415.cha T940825 40'00" 364 2.934 2 .025
2;4.21 tai20421.cha T940831 under revision 297 3.158 2.111
2;4.30 tai20430.cha T940909 40'00" 318 3.425 2 .415
2;5.6 tai20506.cha T940916 40'00" 310 2.916 2. 21
2;5.12 tai20512.cha T940922 40'00" 265 3.325 2 .434
2;5.19 tai20519.cha T940929 40'00" 360 3.564 2 .556
2;5.26 tai20526.cha T941006 40'00" 254 3.134 2 .213
2;6.3 tai20603.cha T941013 40'00" 290 3.486 2. 5
2;6.10 tai20610.cha T941020 40'00" 279 3.688 2 .588
2;6.18 tai20618.cha T941028 40'00" 281 4.036 2 .783
2;6.24 tai20624.cha T941103 40'00" 357 3.182 2 .216
2;7.0 tai20700.cha T941110 40'00" 309 3.252 2. 301
2;7.7 tai20707.cha T941117 40'00" 325 3.563 2. 569
2;7.13 tai20713.cha T941123 40'00" 322 3.516 2 .457
2;7.21 tai20721.cha T941201 40'00" 335 4.006 2 .815
2;7.28 tai20728.cha T941208 40'00" 370 3.932 2 .786
2;8.5 tai20805.cha T941215 40'00" 214 4.486 3. 187
2;8.11 tai20811.cha T941222 40'00" 297 4.04 2. 902
2;9.2 tai20902.cha T950112 40'00" 211 4.175 2. 919
2;9.9 tai20909.cha T950119 40'00" 267 4.779 3. 536
2;9.17 tai20917.cha T950127 40'00" 216 3.806 2 .676
2;9.23 tai20923.cha T950202 40'00" 316 3.133 2 .193
2;9.30 tai20930.cha T950209 40'00" 318 4.261 2 .947
2;10.6 tai21006.cha T950216 40'00" 384 3.286 2 .406
2;10.13 tai21013.cha T950223 40'00" 294 4.085 2.765
2;10.20 tai21020.cha T950302 40'00" 371 3.663 2.547
2;11.0 tai21100.cha T950310 40'00" 304 4.059 3 .013
2;11.14 tai21114.cha T950324 40'00" 293 5.003 3.184
2;11.20 tai21120.cha T950330 40'00" 238 5.672 4.046
3;0.3 tai30003.cha T950413 40'00" 260 4.227 3. 096
3;0.24 tai30024.cha T950504 40'00" 361 5.058 3 .49
3;1.1 tai30101.cha T950511 40'00" 274 4.923 3. 412
3;1.8 tai30108.cha T950518 40'00" 315 4.133 2. 946
3;1.29 tai30129.cha T950608 40'00" 418 3.787 2 .703
Total 75 Sessions 23,048

Acknowledgements

I gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture through the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas 10114104 entitled "Development of Mind", and through the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Database) 184. I would like to thank Brian MacWhinney (Carnegie Mellon University) for his understanding technical support during the various phases of transcription, the members of the JCHAT Project for their encouraging supportment, and the numerous students who helped with the transcription, especially Yumiko Naganawa and Naomi Hamasaki. My special thanks go to Beverley Curran (Aichi Shukutoku University) for the emotional support and encouragement throughout this work. My warmest thanks though go to Tai and his mother. Without their understanding collaboration, this project would not have been possible.